---

name: nextjs-dynamic-routes-params description: Guide for Next.js App Router dynamic routes and pathname parameters. Use when building pages that depend on URL segments (IDs, slugs, nested paths), accessing the params prop, or fetching resources by identifier. Helps avoid over-nesting by defaulting to the simplest route structure (e.g., app/[id] instead of app/products/[id] unless the URL calls for it). allowed-tools:

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---

Next.js Dynamic Routes and Pathname Parameters

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Creating dynamic route segments (e.g., blog/[slug], users/[id])
• Accessing URL pathname parameters in Server or Client Components
• Building pages that fetch data based on route parameters
• Implementing catch-all or optional catch-all routes
• Working with the params prop in page.tsx, layout.tsx, or route.ts

⚠️ RECOGNIZING WHEN YOU NEED DYNAMIC ROUTES

Look for requirements that tie data to the URL path.

Create a dynamic segment ([param]) whenever the UI depends on part of the pathname. Typical signals include:

• Details pages that reference “the item’s ID/slug from the URL”
• Copy that calls out path segments (e.g., /products/{id}, /blog/{slug})
• Requirements to fetch data “based on whichever resource is being visited”
• Navigation flows where one page links to /something/{identifier}

✅ Dynamic route response

CopyRequirement: display product information based on whichever ID appears in the URL
Implementation: app/[id]/page.tsx
Access parameter with: const { id } = await params;

❌ Static-page response

CopyImplementation: app/page.tsx  ← cannot access per-path identifiers

Example requirements that lead to dynamic routes

1. “Show a product page that loads whichever product ID appears in the URL” → app/[id]/page.tsx or app/products/[id]/page.tsx
2. “Render a blog article based on its slug” → app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx or app/[slug]/page.tsx
3. “Support nested docs such as /docs/getting-started/installation” → app/docs/[...slug]/page.tsx

Core rule: If data varies with a URL segment, the folder name needs matching brackets.

⚠️ CRITICAL: Avoid Over-Engineering Route Structure

MOST COMMON MISTAKE: Adding unnecessary nesting to routes.

Default Rule: When creating a dynamic route, use app/[id]/page.tsx or app/[slug]/page.tsx unless:

• The URL structure is explicitly specified (e.g., "create route at /products/[id]")
• You're building multiple resource types that need namespacing
• The requirements clearly show a nested URL structure

Do NOT infer nesting from resource names:

• "Fetch a product by ID" → app/[id]/page.tsx ✅ (not app/products/[id])
• "Show user profile" → app/[userId]/page.tsx ✅ (not app/users/[userId])
• "Display blog post" → app/[slug]/page.tsx ✅ (not app/blog/[slug])

Only nest when explicitly told:

• "Create a route at /blog/[slug]" → app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx ✅
• "Products should be at /products/[id]" → app/products/[id]/page.tsx ✅

Core Concepts

Dynamic Route Syntax

Next.js uses folder names with square brackets to create dynamic route segments:

Copyapp/
├── [id]/page.tsx              # Matches /123, /abc, etc.
├── blog/[slug]/page.tsx       # Matches /blog/hello-world
├── shop/[category]/[id]/page.tsx  # Matches /shop/electronics/123
└── docs/[...slug]/page.tsx    # Matches /docs/a, /docs/a/b, /docs/a/b/c

Key Principle: The folder structure IS the route structure.

Route Structure Decision Tree

CRITICAL RULE: Do NOT infer route structure from resource type names!

Just because you're fetching a "product" or "user" doesn't mean you need /products/[id] or /users/[id]. Unless explicitly told otherwise, prefer the simplest structure.

When deciding on route structure:

1. Top-level dynamic route (app/[id]/page.tsx)

   • DEFAULT CHOICE - Use this unless specifically told otherwise
   • Use when the resource IS the primary entity
   • Use when only ID-based routing is needed
   • Examples: /123 for any resource, /abc-def for slugs
   • Pattern: The ID/slug is the only identifier needed
   • When in doubt, choose this!

2. Nested dynamic route (app/category/[id]/page.tsx)

   • ONLY use when explicitly required by the URL structure
   • Use when you're told "create a /products/[id] route"
   • Use when the URL itself needs the category prefix
   • Examples: /products/123, /blog/my-post (when specified)
   • Pattern: Category + identifier (when both are required)

3. Multi-segment dynamic (app/[cat]/[id]/page.tsx)

   • Use when hierarchy matters
   • Examples: /shop/electronics/123
   • Pattern: Multiple levels of categorization

⚠️ COMMON MISTAKE: Creating app/products/[id]/page.tsx when you should create app/[id]/page.tsx

❌ WRONG: "Fetch a product by ID" → app/products/[id]/page.tsx ✅ CORRECT: "Fetch a product by ID" → app/[id]/page.tsx

❌ WRONG: "Create a dynamic route for users" → app/users/[userId]/page.tsx ✅ CORRECT: "Create a dynamic route for users" → app/[userId]/page.tsx

Only add the category prefix when:

• The requirement explicitly says "at /products/..." or similar
• You're building multiple resource types that need namespacing
• The URL structure is specified in requirements

Accessing Pathname Parameters

In Server Components (page.tsx, layout.tsx)

CRITICAL: In Next.js 15+, params is a Promise and must be awaited!

Copy// ✅ CORRECT - Next.js 15+
export default async function ProductPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}) {
  const { id } = await params;

  const product = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/products/${id}`)
    .then(res => res.json());

  return <div>{product.name}</div>;
}

Copy// ❌ WRONG - Treating params as synchronous object (Next.js 15+)
export default async function ProductPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: { id: string }; // Missing Promise wrapper
}) {
  const product = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/products/${params.id}`);
  // This will fail because params is a Promise!
}

For Next.js 14 and earlier:

Copy// Next.js 14 - params is synchronous
export default async function ProductPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: { id: string };
}) {
  const product = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/products/${params.id}`)
    .then(res => res.json());

  return <div>{product.name}</div>;
}

In Route Handlers (route.ts)

Copy// app/api/products/[id]/route.ts
export async function GET(
  request: Request,
  { params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> },
) {
  const { id } = await params;

  const product = await db.products.findById(id);
  return Response.json(product);
}

In Client Components

You CANNOT access params directly in Client Components. Instead:

1. Use useParams() hook:

Copy"use client";

import { useParams } from "next/navigation";

export function ProductClient() {
  const params = useParams<{ id: string }>();
  const id = params.id;

  // Use the id...
}

1. Pass params from Server Component:

Copy// app/products/[id]/page.tsx (Server Component)
export default async function ProductPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}) {
  const { id } = await params;
  return <ProductClient productId={id} />;
}

// components/ProductClient.tsx
'use client';

export function ProductClient({ productId }: { productId: string }) {
  // Use productId...
}

Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Simple ID-Based Page

Copy// app/[id]/page.tsx - Top-level dynamic route
interface PageProps {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}

export default async function ItemPage({ params }: PageProps) {
  const { id } = await params;

  const item = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/items/${id}`)
    .then(res => res.json());

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{item.title}</h1>
      <p>{item.description}</p>
    </div>
  );
}

Pattern 2: Blog Post with Slug

Copy// app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx
interface PageProps {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string }>;
}

export default async function BlogPost({ params }: PageProps) {
  const { slug } = await params;

  const post = await getPostBySlug(slug);

  return (
    <article>
      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
      <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: post.content }} />
    </article>
  );
}

// Generate static params for SSG
export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const posts = await getAllPosts();

  return posts.map((post) => ({
    slug: post.slug,
  }));
}

Pattern 3: Nested Resources

Copy// app/users/[userId]/posts/[postId]/page.tsx
interface PageProps {
  params: Promise<{
    userId: string;
    postId: string;
  }>;
}

export default async function UserPost({ params }: PageProps) {
  const { userId, postId } = await params;

  const [user, post] = await Promise.all([
    getUserById(userId),
    getPostById(postId),
  ]);

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
      <p>By {user.name}</p>
      <div>{post.content}</div>
    </div>
  );
}

Pattern 4: Catch-All Routes

Copy// app/docs/[...slug]/page.tsx - Matches /docs/a, /docs/a/b, /docs/a/b/c
interface PageProps {
  params: Promise<{
    slug: string[];  // Array of path segments
  }>;
}

export default async function DocsPage({ params }: PageProps) {
  const { slug } = await params;
  const path = slug.join('/');

  const doc = await getDocByPath(path);

  return <div>{doc.content}</div>;
}

Copy// app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.tsx - Optional catch-all
// Matches /shop, /shop/electronics, /shop/electronics/phones
interface PageProps {
  params: Promise<{
    slug?: string[];  // Optional array
  }>;
}

export default async function ShopPage({ params }: PageProps) {
  const { slug = [] } = await params;

  if (slug.length === 0) {
    return <ShopHomepage />;
  }

  return <CategoryPage category={slug.join('/')} />;
}

TypeScript Best Practices

Type Safety for Params

Copy// Define params type separately for reusability
type ProductPageParams = { id: string };

interface ProductPageProps {
  params: Promise<ProductPageParams>;
}

export default async function ProductPage({ params }: ProductPageProps) {
  const { id } = await params;
  // id is typed as string
}

// Reuse in generateMetadata
export async function generateMetadata({ params }: ProductPageProps) {
  const { id } = await params;
  const product = await getProduct(id);
  return { title: product.name };
}

Multiple Dynamic Segments

Copytype PostPageParams = {
  category: string;
  slug: string;
};

interface PostPageProps {
  params: Promise<PostPageParams>;
  searchParams: Promise<{ [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined }>;
}

export default async function PostPage({
  params,
  searchParams,
}: PostPageProps) {
  const { category, slug } = await params;
  const { view } = await searchParams;

  // All properly typed
}

Common Pitfalls and Solutions

Pitfall 1: Forgetting params is a Promise (Next.js 15+)

Copy// ❌ WRONG
export default async function Page({ params }: { params: { id: string } }) {
  const product = await getProduct(params.id); // Error: params is Promise
}

// ✅ CORRECT
export default async function Page({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}) {
  const { id } = await params;
  const product = await getProduct(id);
}

Pitfall 2: Using params in Client Components without useParams

Copy// ❌ WRONG - params prop doesn't exist in Client Components
'use client';

export default function ClientPage({ params }) {  // undefined!
  return <div>{params.id}</div>;
}

// ✅ CORRECT
'use client';
import { useParams } from 'next/navigation';

export default function ClientPage() {
  const params = useParams<{ id: string }>();
  return <div>{params.id}</div>;
}

Pitfall 3: Over-nesting Routes

Copy// ❌ UNNECESSARY NESTING
// app/products/product/[id]/page.tsx
// URL: /products/product/123

// ✅ SIMPLER
// app/products/[id]/page.tsx
// URL: /products/123

// OR even simpler if product is the main resource:
// app/[id]/page.tsx
// URL: /123

Pitfall 4: Not Handling Invalid IDs

Copy// ✅ ROBUST
export default async function ProductPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}) {
  const { id } = await params;

  const product = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/products/${id}`)
    .then(res => {
      if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Product not found');
      return res.json();
    });

  if (!product) {
    notFound();  // Shows 404 page
  }

  return <div>{product.name}</div>;
}

Decision Guide

When you need to create a dynamic route, ask:

1. What's the URL structure?

   • Single ID: [id]
   • Category + ID: category/[id]
   • Hierarchical: [category]/[id]
   • Flexible paths: [...slug]

2. Is this a Server or Client Component?

   • Server: Use params prop (await it in Next.js 15+)
   • Client: Use useParams() hook

3. Do I need the simplest structure?

   • When in doubt, use fewer nesting levels
   • Top-level routes are simpler and more direct

4. Am I on Next.js 15+?

   • Yes: params is Promise<{...}>
   • No: params is {...}

Examples: Real-World Scenarios

E-commerce Product Page

Copy// app/products/[id]/page.tsx
import { notFound } from 'next/navigation';

interface Product {
  id: string;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  description: string;
}

async function getProduct(id: string): Promise<Product | null> {
  const res = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/products/${id}`, {
    next: { revalidate: 60 },  // Revalidate every 60s
  });

  if (!res.ok) return null;
  return res.json();
}

export default async function ProductPage({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}) {
  const { id } = await params;
  const product = await getProduct(id);

  if (!product) {
    notFound();
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{product.name}</h1>
      <p>${product.price}</p>
      <p>{product.description}</p>
    </div>
  );
}

export async function generateMetadata({
  params,
}: {
  params: Promise<{ id: string }>;
}) {
  const { id } = await params;
  const product = await getProduct(id);

  return {
    title: product?.name ?? 'Product Not Found',
    description: product?.description,
  };
}

Documentation Site with Nested Paths

Copy// app/docs/[...slug]/page.tsx
interface DocPageProps {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string[] }>;
}

export default async function DocPage({ params }: DocPageProps) {
  const { slug } = await params;
  const path = slug.join('/');

  const doc = await getDocByPath(path);

  if (!doc) {
    notFound();
  }

  return (
    <article className="prose">
      <h1>{doc.title}</h1>
      <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: doc.html }} />
    </article>
  );
}

export async function generateStaticParams() {
  const docs = await getAllDocs();

  return docs.map((doc) => ({
    slug: doc.path.split('/'),
  }));
}

Checklist for Dynamic Routes

Before implementing a dynamic route, verify:

• Route structure is as simple as possible (default to top-level unless told otherwise)
• Not inferring route nesting from resource type names
• Route structure matches URL requirements (not over-nested)
• params is typed as Promise<{...}> for Next.js 15+
• params is awaited before accessing properties (Next.js 15+)
• Error handling for invalid IDs/slugs (use notFound())
• TypeScript types are properly defined
• Using Server Component unless client interactivity needed
• Consider generateStaticParams() for SSG if applicable
• Metadata generation if SEO matters

Quick Reference

---

Remember: Dynamic routes in Next.js are file-system based. The folder structure with [brackets] creates the dynamic segments, and the params prop (or useParams() hook) provides access to those values.