---

name: orphan-analysis description: Identify orphan earthquakes far from mapped faults that indicate unmapped active structures. Use when analyzing microseismicity, finding dark earthquake source faults, or validating fault database gaps. Triggers on "orphan analysis", "unmapped fault", "microseismicity", "fault gap".

/orphan-analysis - Orphan Earthquake Detection Skill

Purpose

Identify "orphan earthquakes" - seismic events far from any mapped fault - that indicate unmapped active structures. These structures may be sources of historical "dark earthquakes" detectable in speleothem records.

Usage

Copy/orphan-analysis <lat> <lon> [--name NAME] [--radius KM] [--orphan-threshold KM]

Examples:

Copy/orphan-analysis 44.13 8.11 --name "Bàsura Cave"
/orphan-analysis 41.42 31.93 --name "Sofular Cave" --radius 150
/orphan-analysis 16.2 -89.1 --name "Yok Balum" --orphan-threshold 30

Methodology

Validated in Italy

The orphan analysis methodology was validated in the Ligurian Alps:

• 80% orphan rate revealed unmapped NNW-trending fault
• 193+ earthquakes on structure not in ANY database
• 25+ km lineament identified via DEM + microseismicity
• Now primary candidate for 1285/1394 dark earthquakes

Workflow

Step 1: Search Earthquake Catalog

Use earthquake_search MCP tool:

Copyearthquake_search lat=44.13 lon=8.11 radius_km=100 min_magnitude=2.0

Parameters:

• Default radius: 100 km
• Default min_magnitude: 2.0 (for microseismicity)
• Date range: 1900-present (or available)

Step 2: Load Fault Database

Query regional fault database:

Step 3: Calculate Distances

For each earthquake, calculate distance to nearest mapped fault:

CopyFor each earthquake:
    min_distance = infinity
    for each fault_segment:
        d = calc_distance(eq.lat, eq.lon, fault.lat, fault.lon)
        if d < min_distance:
            min_distance = d
            nearest_fault = fault.name

    earthquake.dist_to_fault = min_distance
    earthquake.nearest_fault = nearest_fault

Step 4: Classify Orphans

Apply orphan threshold (default: 50 km):

Copyif dist_to_fault > orphan_threshold:
    earthquake.is_orphan = True
else:
    earthquake.is_orphan = False

Step 5: Cluster Orphans by Azimuth

Group orphan earthquakes by direction from reference point:

CopyAzimuth bins:
- N (337.5-22.5°)
- NE (22.5-67.5°)
- E (67.5-112.5°)
- SE (112.5-157.5°)
- S (157.5-202.5°)
- SW (202.5-247.5°)
- W (247.5-292.5°)
- NW (292.5-337.5°)

Step 6: Generate Report

Copy## Orphan Earthquake Analysis: [Location Name]

**Reference point**: [lat]°N, [lon]°E
**Search radius**: [X] km
**Orphan threshold**: [X] km
**Analysis date**: [date]

---

### Summary Statistics

| Metric | Value |
|--------|-------|
| Total earthquakes | [N] |
| Orphan earthquakes | [N] ([X]%) |
| M4+ orphans | [N] |
| M5+ orphans | [N] |

---

### Orphan Rate Assessment

| Rate | Interpretation |
|------|----------------|
| > 50% | **CRITICAL** - Major unmapped structure likely |
| 30-50% | **HIGH** - Significant database gap |
| 10-30% | **MODERATE** - Some unmapped faults |
| < 10% | **LOW** - Database reasonably complete |

**This region**: [X]% → [INTERPRETATION]

---

### Orphan Clusters by Azimuth

| Direction | Count | Avg Distance | M4+ | M5+ | Structure? |
|-----------|-------|--------------|-----|-----|------------|
| NNW | [N] | [X] km | [N] | [N] | [YES/NO] |
| SW | [N] | [X] km | [N] | [N] | [YES/NO] |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

---

### Candidate Unmapped Structures

#### Structure 1: [Direction] Lineament

- **Azimuth**: [X]° ([direction])
- **Orphan count**: [N] earthquakes
- **Distance range**: [min]-[max] km from reference
- **Magnitude range**: M[min]-M[max]
- **Largest event**: M[X] on [date]

**Interpretation**: [Description of possible fault]

---

### Mapped Faults in Region

| Fault Name | Strike | Distance | Type |
|------------|--------|----------|------|
| [name] | [X]° | [X] km | [normal/strike-slip/etc.] |

---

### Visualization

[Description of recommended figure showing:]
- Reference point (cave location)
- Mapped faults (from database)
- All earthquakes (color by orphan status)
- Azimuth bins with orphan clusters

Output Files

The skill can generate:

1. Analysis report ([REGION]_ORPHAN_ANALYSIS.md)
2. Earthquake CSV ([region]_earthquakes.csv)
3. Orphan subset CSV ([region]_orphans.csv)
4. Cluster definitions ([region]_clusters.json)

MCP Tools Used

Example: Italy Bàsura Results

Copy## Orphan Analysis: Bàsura Cave (Italy)

Reference: 44.1275°N, 8.1108°E
Radius: 100 km
Orphan threshold: 50 km

### Summary
- Total earthquakes: 241
- Orphan earthquakes: 193 (80%)
- M4+ orphans: 12
- M5+ orphans: 2

### Orphan Rate: 80% → CRITICAL

### Key Finding: NNW Lineament

- Azimuth: 340° (NNW-SSE)
- 85 orphan earthquakes
- Not in DISS, ITHACA, or EFSM20
- 25+ km linear structure identified
- Primary candidate for 1285/1394 dark earthquakes

Integration with DEM Analysis

After orphan analysis, recommend DEM lineament check:

CopyIf orphan_rate > 30%:
    Recommend: /dem-pipeline for visual confirmation

    Look for:
    - Linear drainage patterns aligned with orphan clusters
    - Edge detection features at orphan azimuths
    - Topographic breaks matching cluster directions

Regional Catalogs

Important Notes

1. Orphan threshold varies by region - Use 50 km for plate boundaries, 30 km for intraplate
2. Catalog completeness matters - Low magnitude threshold may include noise
3. Fault database gaps exist - USGS has 9-27 year lag
4. Offshore coverage poor - Many faults unmapped submarine
5. Follow up with DEM - Visual confirmation strengthens case