---

name: architecture-decision-records description: Best practices for writing Architecture Decision Records (ADRs) that document significant technical decisions with comprehensive context, examples, and rationale

Architecture Decision Records (ADR) - Writing Guide

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for writing high-quality Architecture Decision Records (ADRs) for the VedaGhosham project, based on the existing 13 ADRs in docs/architecture-decisions/.

What is an ADR?

An Architecture Decision Record documents a significant technical decision made during the project's development. ADRs capture:

• What decision was made
• Why it was made (problem context)
• How it's implemented (with code examples)
• Trade-offs (what was gained/lost)
• Alternatives considered

When to Write an ADR

Write an ADR when making decisions that:

1. Impact the entire system (database choice, framework selection, deployment strategy)
2. Are difficult to reverse (DynamoDB single-table design, monorepo structure)
3. Involve significant trade-offs (tRPC vs REST, Remix vs Next.js)
4. Set architectural patterns (entity structure, error handling, authentication)
5. Require future context (why we chose this approach over alternatives)

Examples of ADR-Worthy Decisions

• ✅ Choosing DynamoDB single-table design (ADR-004)
• ✅ Selecting tRPC over REST (ADR-005)
• ✅ Email blacklist management strategy (ADR-015)
• ✅ Fresh user data from database vs JWT (ADR-001)
• ✅ Monorepo with pnpm workspaces (ADR-009)

Examples of Non-ADR Decisions

• ❌ Adding a new field to an entity (routine change)
• ❌ Refactoring a component (implementation detail)
• ❌ Fixing a bug (not an architectural decision)
• ❌ Updating dependencies (maintenance task)

ADR Format and Structure

File Naming Convention

Copydocs/architecture-decisions/adr-NNN-kebab-case-title.md

• NNN: Zero-padded 3-digit number (001, 002, 015, etc.)
• kebab-case-title: Descriptive, lowercase, hyphen-separated
• Find the next number by checking existing ADRs

Examples:

• adr-001-fresh-user-data.md
• adr-005-trpc-over-rest.md
• adr-015-email-blacklist-bounce-management.md

Document Structure

Every ADR follows this structure:

Copy# ADR-NNN: Title (Clear, Concise Description)

**Date:** YYYY-MM-DD
**Status:** Accepted | Proposed | Deprecated | Superseded
**Context:** One-line summary of when/why this decision was needed

---

## Problem

[Detailed problem description with 3-5 paragraphs]

### Option 1: [First Alternative]
[Code example or description]

**Problems:**
- List specific issues
- Technical limitations
- Business concerns

### Option 2: [Second Alternative]
[Code example or description]

**Problems:**
- List specific issues

### Option 3: [Chosen Approach]
[Code example or description]

**Benefits:**
- Why this is better
- Advantages over alternatives

---

## Decision

**Use [Chosen Approach] for [Purpose].**

[1-2 paragraph explanation of the decision]

**Why [Chosen Approach]:**
1. Reason 1
2. Reason 2
3. Reason 3

---

## Implementation

[Detailed implementation with code examples]

### 1. [First Implementation Aspect]
[Code examples with comments]

### 2. [Second Implementation Aspect]
[Code examples with comments]

[Continue for all major implementation aspects]

---

## Benefits

### 1. **[Benefit Name]**
[Explanation with code/metrics examples]

### 2. **[Benefit Name]**
[Explanation with code/metrics examples]

[Continue for all major benefits]

---

## Trade-offs

### What We Gained
- ✅ Benefit 1
- ✅ Benefit 2
- ✅ Benefit 3

### What We Lost
- ❌ Limitation 1
- ❌ Limitation 2
- ❌ Limitation 3

### Why Trade-offs Are Acceptable
1. **Limitation 1**: Explanation of why it's acceptable
2. **Limitation 2**: Explanation
3. **Limitation 3**: Explanation

---

## Comparison

| Feature | Alternative 1 | Alternative 2 | Chosen Approach |
|---------|--------------|---------------|-----------------|
| **Metric 1** | Value | Value | Value |
| **Metric 2** | Value | Value | Value |

---

## Real-World Example

### Scenario: [Concrete Use Case]

**With [Alternative Approach]:**

[Step-by-step flow showing problems]

Copy
**With [Chosen Approach]:**

[Step-by-step flow showing benefits]

Copy
**Winner:** [Chosen Approach] ([quantified benefit])

---

## Future Considerations

### [Future Topic 1]
[Discussion of how this decision might evolve]

### [Future Topic 2]
[Potential extensions or modifications]

**Current Status:** [Current state and future plans]

---

## Related Files

### [Category 1]
- `path/to/file1.ts` - Description
- `path/to/file2.ts` - Description

### [Category 2]
- `path/to/file3.ts` - Description

---

## References

- **[Resource Name]**: [URL]
- **[Documentation]**: [URL]
- Related: [Cross-reference to other ADRs]

Writing Guidelines

1. Title and Header

Title Format:

Copy# ADR-NNN: Clear, Concise Description

Examples:

• ✅ ADR-001: Load Fresh User Data from Database (Not Stale JWT)
• ✅ ADR-005: tRPC Over REST API
• ✅ ADR-015: Email Blacklist and Bounce Management
• ❌ ADR-001: User Data (too vague)
• ❌ ADR-005: API Decision (not descriptive)

Header Fields:

Copy**Date:** 2025-12-17 (ISO format)
**Status:** Accepted (current state)
**Context:** Brief one-liner about when/why this decision was needed

Status Values:

• Proposed - Under consideration
• Accepted - Active and implemented
• Deprecated - No longer recommended
• Superseded - Replaced by another ADR (reference ADR-XXX)

2. Problem Section

The Problem section should:

• Explain the context (3-5 paragraphs minimum)
• Show code examples of the problem or alternatives
• List 2-4 alternatives considered
• Explain trade-offs for each alternative

Good Problem Description Example:

Copy## Problem

VedaGhosham sends authentication OTP emails via AWS SES. Without proper bounce 
and complaint handling, we risk:

1. **Sender Reputation Damage**: Repeated bounces to invalid emails harm sender reputation
2. **Service Suspension**: AWS SES may suspend service if bounce rate exceeds 5%
3. **Wasted Resources**: Sending emails to blacklisted addresses wastes API calls and costs
4. **Poor User Experience**: Users with invalid emails get stuck in auth flow
5. **No Visibility**: No tracking of email delivery issues or spam complaints

### Without Blacklist Management

```typescript
// ❌ Sends to all emails without checking
export async function sendOTPEmail(email: string, code: string) {
  // Always sends, even if email previously bounced
  await sesClient.send(new SendEmailCommand({ ... }));
}

Problems:

• Hard bounces (permanent failures) get retried every login
• Spam complaints not tracked (user marked email as spam)
• No way to prevent sending to known-bad addresses
• AWS SES reputation degrades over time

Copy
**Key Points:**
- Start with business impact (reputation, cost, UX)
- Show concrete code examples
- List specific, actionable problems

### 3. Decision Section

**Format:**
```markdown
## Decision

**Use [Technology/Pattern] for [Purpose].**

[1-2 paragraph justification]

**Why [Chosen Approach]:**
1. Reason 1 (with evidence)
2. Reason 2 (with evidence)
3. Reason 3 (with evidence)

Example:

Copy## Decision

**Use tRPC (TypeScript Remote Procedure Call) instead of REST or GraphQL.**

tRPC provides end-to-end type safety without codegen, perfect for our TypeScript monorepo.

**Why tRPC:**
1. **Full type safety with zero codegen**: Types flow automatically through AppRouter export
2. **Automatic validation**: Zod schemas validate input before handler runs
3. **Middleware composition**: Reusable auth/permission middleware
4. **Request batching**: Reduces Lambda invocations and latency

4. Implementation Section

The Implementation section should:

• Show working code examples (not pseudocode)
• Include file paths in code comments
• Explain key patterns with inline comments
• Cover all major aspects of implementation

Structure:

Copy## Implementation

### 1. [Infrastructure/Configuration]
[SST/config code with explanations]

### 2. [Core Business Logic]
[Entity/service code]

### 3. [API Layer]
[tRPC router/endpoint code]

### 4. [Frontend Integration]
[Remix route/component code]

### 5. [Testing/Monitoring]
[Test examples, CloudWatch alarms]

Code Example Standards:

Copy// ✅ Good: Working code with comments
// packages/core/src/email/blacklist.ts
export async function checkEmailBlacklist(
  email: string,
): Promise<BlacklistCheckResult> {
  const normalizedEmail = normalizeEmail(email);

  try {
    const result = await User.query.byEmail({ email: normalizedEmail }).go();

    if (result.data.length > 0) {
      const user = result.data[0];

      if (user.emailBlacklisted) {
        return {
          isBlacklisted: true,
          reason: user.emailBlacklistReason || 'UNKNOWN',
          userId: user.userId,
          blacklistedAt: user.emailBlacklistedAt,
        };
      }
    }

    return { isBlacklisted: false };
  } catch (error) {
    // Database error - fail open to prevent auth system breakage
    console.error('Failed to check email blacklist, allowing send:', error);
    return { isBlacklisted: false };
  }
}

// ❌ Bad: Pseudocode without context
function checkBlacklist(email) {
  // Check if email is blacklisted
  return query(email);
}

5. Benefits Section

Format:

Copy## Benefits

### 1. **[Concrete Benefit]**
[Explanation with evidence]

**Example/Metric:**
[Code example or quantified metric]

### 2. **[Concrete Benefit]**
[Explanation with evidence]

Good Benefits Example:

Copy## Benefits

### 1. **Cost Efficiency**
Single table = one set of provisioned capacity. No cross-table query overhead.

**Example:**
- Multi-table: 7 tables × $5/month = **$35/month** (minimum)
- Single-table: 1 table × $5/month = **$5/month**
- **Savings: 85%** (at small scale)

### 2. **Consistent Performance**
All queries within one table (no cross-table latency). GSIs provide O(1) lookups 
for all access patterns. Single-digit millisecond latency.

Key Points:

• Use bold for benefit names
• Provide concrete evidence (metrics, code examples)
• Quantify when possible (percentages, time, cost)

6. Trade-offs Section

Format:

Copy## Trade-offs

### What We Gained
- ✅ Benefit 1
- ✅ Benefit 2
- ✅ Benefit 3

### What We Lost
- ❌ Limitation 1
- ❌ Limitation 2
- ❌ Limitation 3

### Why Trade-offs Are Acceptable

1. **Limitation 1**: Detailed explanation of why this is acceptable
2. **Limitation 2**: Explanation with context
3. **Limitation 3**: Explanation

Good Trade-offs Example:

Copy## Trade-offs

### What We Gained
- ✅ Full type safety with zero codegen
- ✅ Automatic validation (Zod schemas)
- ✅ Simplified error handling (TRPCError)
- ✅ Middleware composition for auth/permissions
- ✅ Request batching (reduces Lambda invocations)
- ✅ IntelliSense for all procedures

### What We Lost
- ❌ No OpenAPI/Swagger documentation (tRPC-specific)
- ❌ Smaller ecosystem than REST (fewer tools/integrations)
- ❌ TypeScript-only (can't call from Python, Go, etc.)
- ❌ Less familiar to REST-only developers

### Why Trade-offs Are Acceptable

1. **No OpenAPI**: Internal API only (not public-facing); tRPC docs are code itself
2. **Smaller Ecosystem**: TypeScript ecosystem is sufficient for our needs
3. **TypeScript-Only**: Entire stack is TypeScript (no other languages planned)
4. **Learning Curve**: One-time cost; tRPC is simpler than REST + OpenAPI codegen

7. Comparison Section

Use tables to compare alternatives across multiple dimensions:

Copy## Comparison

| Feature | Alternative 1 | Alternative 2 | Chosen Approach |
|---------|--------------|---------------|-----------------|
| **Feature 1** | ❌ No | ⚠️ Partial | ✅ Yes |
| **Feature 2** | Value | Value | Value |
| **Cost** | $X/month | $Y/month | $Z/month |
| **Performance** | Metric | Metric | Metric |

Symbols to Use:

• ✅ = Advantage
• ❌ = Disadvantage
• ⚠️ = Partial/Conditional
• Use actual values when possible (numbers, percentages)

8. Real-World Example

Provide a concrete scenario showing the decision in action:

Copy## Real-World Example

### Scenario: Add "dateOfBirth" field to User

**With Polyrepo (Multi-Repository):**
```bash
# 1. Update core
cd vedaghosham-core
# Edit User entity
git commit -m "Add dateOfBirth"
npm version patch      # 1.2.0 → 1.2.1
npm publish

# 2. Update API
cd ../vedaghosham-api
npm install @vedaghosham/core@1.2.1  # Wait for npm registry propagation
# Update API code
git commit -m "Support dateOfBirth"

# 3. Update Web
cd ../vedaghosham-web
npm install @vedaghosham/core@1.2.1
# Update web code
git commit -m "Show dateOfBirth in profile"

# Total time: 30-60 minutes

With Monorepo (Chosen Approach):

Copy# 1. Update core
cd packages/core/src/user
# Edit entity.ts and types.ts

# 2. Update functions (TypeScript error guides you!)
cd packages/functions/src/user
# Update router.ts

# 3. Update web (TypeScript error guides you!)
cd packages/web/app/routes
# Update profile route

# 4. Commit everything
git commit -m "Add dateOfBirth field"

# Total time: 5-10 minutes ✅

Winner: Monorepo (6× faster, no versioning hassle)

Copy
### 9. Future Considerations

Discuss how the decision might evolve:

```markdown
## Future Considerations

### Adding Public API
If we need a public API (for mobile apps, third-party integrations):
- **Option A**: Keep tRPC for internal use; add separate REST API for public
- **Option B**: Use tRPC + tRPC-OpenAPI adapter (generates OpenAPI from tRPC)

**Current Status:** Internal API only; no public API needed yet.

### Non-TypeScript Clients
If we need Python/Go clients:
- **Option A**: Create thin REST wrapper around tRPC backend
- **Option B**: Use HTTP directly (tRPC is just JSON-RPC over HTTP)

**Current Status:** Full TypeScript stack; no other languages planned.

10. Related Files

List all files implementing the decision:

Copy## Related Files

### Backend
- `packages/functions/src/shared/trpc.ts` - tRPC initialization
- `packages/functions/src/shared/middleware.ts` - Auth middleware
- `packages/functions/src/{entity}/router.ts` - Entity routers

### Frontend
- `packages/web/app/lib/trpc.ts` - tRPC client factory
- `packages/web/app/routes/_app.*.tsx` - Usage in Remix routes

### Schemas
- `packages/core/src/{entity}/schema.ts` - Zod schemas used by tRPC

11. References

Include all relevant resources:

Copy## References

- **tRPC Documentation**: https://trpc.io/
- **tRPC vs REST**: https://trpc.io/docs/concepts
- **ElectricSQL tRPC Talk**: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LYM8gf184U
- **Zod Validation**: https://zod.dev/
- Related: ADR-004 (Single-Table DynamoDB)
- Related: ADR-010 (Zod Shared Validation)

Code Example Standards

1. Use Real, Working Code

Copy// ✅ Good: Actual code from codebase
export async function loader({ request }: LoaderFunctionArgs) {
  await requireAuth(request);
  const trpc = await createServerClient(request);
  const user = await trpc.user.me.query();
  return json({ user });
}

// ❌ Bad: Pseudocode
export function loader() {
  // Get user
  return user;
}

2. Include File Paths

Copy// ✅ Good: Shows where code lives
// packages/web/app/routes/_app.tsx
export async function loader({ request }: LoaderFunctionArgs) {
  // ...
}

// ❌ Bad: No context
export async function loader() {
  // ...
}

3. Add Explanatory Comments

Copy// ✅ Good: Explains why
try {
  const result = await User.query.byEmail({ email: normalizedEmail }).go();
  return { isBlacklisted: false };
} catch (error) {
  // Database error - fail open to prevent auth system breakage
  console.error('Failed to check email blacklist, allowing send:', error);
  return { isBlacklisted: false };
}

// ❌ Bad: No explanation for non-obvious behavior
} catch (error) {
  return { isBlacklisted: false };
}

4. Show Before/After

Copy// ❌ WRONG: Checks stale JWT token
export async function loader({ request }: LoaderFunctionArgs) {
  const userData = await requireCompleteProfile(request);
  // userData.profileCompleted is STALE!
}

// ✅ CORRECT: Loads fresh data from database
export async function loader({ request }: LoaderFunctionArgs) {
  await requireAuth(request);
  const trpc = await createServerClient(request);
  const user = await trpc.user.me.query();
  // user.profileCompleted is always fresh! ✅
}

Writing Style Guidelines

1. Be Concrete, Not Abstract

• ✅ "Single table costs $5/month vs multi-table $35/month (85% savings)"
• ❌ "Single table is cheaper"

2. Use Numbers and Metrics

• ✅ "3-6× faster initial load (300-500ms vs 2-3 seconds)"
• ❌ "Much faster initial load"

3. Show, Don't Just Tell

• ✅ Include code examples showing the problem and solution
• ❌ "The old approach had issues"

4. Explain Trade-offs Honestly

• ✅ "What we lost: No OpenAPI docs. Why acceptable: Internal API only"
• ❌ "Perfect solution with no downsides"

5. Future-Proof with Considerations

• ✅ "If we need public API: Option A vs Option B. Current status: Not needed"
• ❌ "We'll never need a public API"

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

❌ Don't Write Vague ADRs

Copy## Decision
We decided to use a database.

❌ Don't Skip Alternatives

Copy## Problem
We need to store data.

## Decision
Use DynamoDB.

(Missing: Why not PostgreSQL? MongoDB? What were the trade-offs?)

❌ Don't Use Pseudocode

Copyfunction doSomething() {
  // Do the thing
}

❌ Don't Ignore Trade-offs

Copy## Benefits
- Fast
- Cheap
- Easy

(Missing: What did we lose? Every decision has trade-offs)

❌ Don't Skip Real Examples

Copy## Implementation
We implemented the feature.

(Missing: How? Show code!)

Checklist for Reviewing ADRs

Before finalizing an ADR, ensure:

• Title is clear and descriptive (ADR-NNN format)
• Date is in YYYY-MM-DD format
• Status is set (Proposed/Accepted/Deprecated/Superseded)
• Problem section explains context with 3+ paragraphs
• Alternatives section lists 2-4 options considered
• Decision section has clear justification (3+ reasons)
• Implementation has real code examples with file paths
• Benefits section quantifies advantages (metrics/percentages)
• Trade-offs section honestly discusses limitations
• Comparison table compares alternatives across multiple dimensions
• Real-World Example shows concrete scenario
• Future Considerations discusses evolution/extensions
• Related Files lists all implementation files
• References includes external docs and cross-references
• Code examples use ✅/❌ to show right/wrong patterns
• Numbers and metrics used throughout (not just "better/faster")
• All code examples include comments explaining why

ADR Template

Use this template when creating a new ADR:

Copy# ADR-NNN: [Title]

**Date:** YYYY-MM-DD
**Status:** Proposed | Accepted | Deprecated | Superseded
**Context:** [One-line summary]

---

## Problem

[3-5 paragraph problem description]

### Option 1: [First Alternative]
[Code/description]

**Problems:**
- Issue 1
- Issue 2

### Option 2: [Second Alternative]
[Code/description]

**Problems:**
- Issue 1
- Issue 2

---

## Decision

**Use [Chosen Approach] for [Purpose].**

[1-2 paragraph justification]

**Why [Chosen Approach]:**
1. Reason 1
2. Reason 2
3. Reason 3

---

## Implementation

### 1. [Implementation Aspect 1]
[Code examples]

### 2. [Implementation Aspect 2]
[Code examples]

---

## Benefits

### 1. **[Benefit Name]**
[Explanation with evidence]

### 2. **[Benefit Name]**
[Explanation with evidence]

---

## Trade-offs

### What We Gained
- ✅ Benefit 1
- ✅ Benefit 2

### What We Lost
- ❌ Limitation 1
- ❌ Limitation 2

### Why Trade-offs Are Acceptable
1. **Limitation 1**: Explanation
2. **Limitation 2**: Explanation

---

## Comparison

| Feature | Alternative 1 | Alternative 2 | Chosen |
|---------|--------------|---------------|--------|
| **Feature 1** | Value | Value | Value |

---

## Real-World Example

### Scenario: [Use Case]

**With [Alternative]:**
[Step-by-step flow]

**With [Chosen Approach]:**
[Step-by-step flow]

**Winner:** [Chosen] ([quantified benefit])

---

## Future Considerations

### [Topic 1]
[Discussion]

**Current Status:** [State]

---

## Related Files

### [Category 1]
- `path/to/file.ts` - Description

---

## References

- **[Resource]**: [URL]
- Related: ADR-XXX

Example: Simplified ADR

Here's a simplified example showing the key elements:

Copy# ADR-016: Rate Limiting for API Endpoints

**Date:** 2025-12-20
**Status:** Proposed
**Context:** Protecting API from abuse and ensuring fair usage

---

## Problem

VedaGhosham's tRPC API is publicly accessible (after authentication). Without 
rate limiting, we risk:

1. **DoS Attacks**: Malicious users could overwhelm Lambda functions
2. **Cost Spikes**: Unlimited requests = unlimited AWS costs
3. **Poor UX**: One user's heavy usage slows down others
4. **No Abuse Protection**: No mechanism to block bad actors

### Option 1: No Rate Limiting
```typescript
// No protection - anyone can spam requests
export const userRouter = router({
  list: protectedProcedure.query(async () => {
    return await User.scan.go(); // Expensive query, no limits
  }),
});

Problems:

• No protection against abuse
• AWS costs unbounded
• Poor experience for legitimate users

Option 2: Lambda Concurrency Limits

Set reserved concurrency on Lambda functions.

Problems:

• All-or-nothing (affects all users equally)
• No per-user fairness
• Hard to configure correctly

Option 3: DynamoDB-Based Rate Limiting

Track request counts per user in DynamoDB with TTL.

Benefits:

• Per-user fairness
• Serverless (no Redis needed)
• Fine-grained control

---

Decision

Use DynamoDB-based rate limiting with per-user counters and TTL.

We'll create a RateLimit entity tracking requests per user per time window.

Why DynamoDB Rate Limiting:

1. Serverless: No Redis/Memcached infrastructure needed
2. Per-User Fairness: Each user has independent limit
3. Automatic Cleanup: DynamoDB TTL removes old records
4. Fine-Grained: Can set limits per endpoint or globally

---

Implementation

1. RateLimit Entity

Copy// packages/core/src/rate-limit/entity.ts
export const RateLimit = new Entity({
  model: {
    entity: 'RateLimit',
    version: '1',
    service: 'vedaghosham',
  },
  attributes: {
    userId: { type: 'string', required: true },
    endpoint: { type: 'string', required: true },
    windowStart: { type: 'number', required: true }, // Unix timestamp
    requestCount: { type: 'number', required: true, default: 0 },
    ttl: { type: 'number' }, // DynamoDB TTL (auto-delete after 1 hour)
  },
  indexes: {
    primary: {
      pk: { field: 'pk', composite: ['userId', 'endpoint'] },
      sk: { field: 'sk', composite: ['windowStart'] },
    },
  },
}, configuration);

2. Rate Limiting Middleware

Copy// packages/functions/src/shared/rate-limit.ts
const RATE_LIMITS = {
  'user.list': { requests: 100, windowMs: 60000 }, // 100 req/min
  'course.create': { requests: 10, windowMs: 60000 }, // 10 req/min
  default: { requests: 1000, windowMs: 60000 }, // 1000 req/min
};

export const rateLimitMiddleware = t.middleware(async ({ ctx, path, next }) => {
  const userId = ctx.user?.userId;
  if (!userId) return next(); // Skip for unauthenticated

  const limit = RATE_LIMITS[path] || RATE_LIMITS.default;
  const windowStart = Math.floor(Date.now() / limit.windowMs) * limit.windowMs;

  // Check current count
  const result = await RateLimit.get({
    userId,
    endpoint: path,
    windowStart,
  }).go();

  if (result.data && result.data.requestCount >= limit.requests) {
    throw new TRPCError({
      code: 'TOO_MANY_REQUESTS',
      message: `Rate limit exceeded. Try again in ${limit.windowMs / 1000}s`,
    });
  }

  // Increment counter
  await RateLimit.upsert({
    userId,
    endpoint: path,
    windowStart,
    requestCount: (result.data?.requestCount || 0) + 1,
    ttl: Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 3600, // Expire after 1 hour
  }).go();

  return next();
});

3. Apply to Procedures

Copy// packages/functions/src/shared/procedures.ts
export const protectedProcedure = t.procedure
  .use(isAuthenticated)
  .use(rateLimitMiddleware);

---

Benefits

1. Cost Protection

Rate limiting prevents runaway costs from abuse.

Example:

• Without limit: Malicious user makes 1M requests = $200+ Lambda cost
• With limit: Blocked at 1,000 requests = $0.20 maximum cost per user
• Savings: 99.9% in abuse scenario

2. Fair Resource Allocation

Each user has independent quota (one user can't starve others).

3. No Additional Infrastructure

Uses existing DynamoDB table (no Redis/Memcached needed).

---

Trade-offs

What We Gained

• ✅ Protection from abuse and DoS
• ✅ Cost predictability
• ✅ Per-user fairness
• ✅ Serverless (no Redis)

What We Lost

• ❌ DynamoDB write costs (1 write per request)
• ❌ Slight latency increase (~10ms per request)
• ❌ Complexity (middleware + entity)

Why Trade-offs Are Acceptable

1. DynamoDB Writes: ~$0.001 per 1,000 requests (negligible vs abuse cost)
2. Latency: 10ms overhead acceptable for cost/abuse protection
3. Complexity: Essential for production API

---

Comparison

---

Real-World Example

Scenario: User spams "list all courses" endpoint

Without Rate Limiting:

CopyUser makes 10,000 requests in 1 minute
→ 10,000 Lambda invocations × $0.0000002 = $2.00
→ 10,000 DynamoDB scans × $0.00025 = $2.50
→ Total cost: $4.50 per abuse incident
→ API slow for all users

With Rate Limiting (100 req/min):

CopyUser makes 10,000 requests in 1 minute
→ First 100 succeed
→ Next 9,900 blocked with 429 error
→ Cost: 100 requests = $0.045
→ Other users unaffected

Winner: Rate limiting (99% cost reduction, better UX)

---

Future Considerations

Distributed Rate Limiting

If we need multi-region:

• Use DynamoDB Global Tables for consistent limits across regions

Current Status: Single region sufficient.

Redis Alternative

If DynamoDB becomes too expensive:

• Switch to ElastiCache Redis (faster, lower per-request cost)

Current Status: DynamoDB cost acceptable (<$1/month).

---

Related Files

Core

• packages/core/src/rate-limit/entity.ts - RateLimit entity

Functions

• packages/functions/src/shared/rate-limit.ts - Middleware
• packages/functions/src/shared/procedures.ts - Applied to procedures

Infrastructure

• infra/database.ts - DynamoDB table (already has TTL enabled)

---

References

• DynamoDB TTL: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/TTL.html
• Rate Limiting Patterns: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/rate-limiting-strategies-for-serverless-applications/
• tRPC Middleware: https://trpc.io/docs/server/middlewares
• Related: ADR-004 (Single-Table DynamoDB)
• Related: ADR-005 (tRPC Over REST)

Copy
---

## Summary

High-quality ADRs in VedaGhosham:
1. **Document significant decisions** (not routine changes)
2. **Show alternatives considered** (2-4 options with trade-offs)
3. **Provide working code examples** (real code from codebase)
4. **Quantify benefits** (metrics, percentages, cost savings)
5. **Explain trade-offs honestly** (what we lost and why it's acceptable)
6. **Include comparison tables** (features across alternatives)
7. **Show real-world scenarios** (concrete before/after examples)
8. **Discuss future evolution** (how decision might change)
9. **List all related files** (where implementation lives)
10. **Reference external docs** (AWS docs, library docs, related ADRs)

Use the ADR template and checklist to ensure comprehensive, maintainable architecture documentation that will serve the project for years to come.