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name: type-checking-pattern description: "Fix F821 undefined name errors for optional dependencies using TYPE_CHECKING" author: KINTSUGI Team date: 2025-12-11

TYPE_CHECKING Pattern for Optional Dependencies

Experiment Overview

Context

When using type hints for optional dependencies (like dask, cupy, pandas), ruff reports F821 "undefined name" errors because the import doesn't exist at the module level. You can't just import these at the top because they're optional and may not be installed.

Error Signature

Copysrc/kintsugi/denoise/filters.py:45:21: F821 Undefined name `dask`
src/kintsugi/qc/batch_qc.py:23:35: F821 Undefined name `pd`
src/kintsugi/edf.py:67:18: F821 Undefined name `cp`

Verified Workflow

Solution: Use TYPE_CHECKING with Quoted Annotations

Copyfrom __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import dask.array
    import pandas as pd
    import cupy as cp

def process_data(arr: "dask.array.Array") -> "dask.array.Array":
    """Process a dask array."""
    # Actual dask import happens at runtime when needed
    import dask.array as da
    return da.map_blocks(some_func, arr)

def get_metrics() -> "pd.DataFrame":
    """Return metrics as DataFrame."""
    import pandas as pd  # Runtime import
    return pd.DataFrame(...)

Key Components

1. from __future__ import annotations - Makes all annotations strings by default (PEP 563)

2. TYPE_CHECKING block - Only runs during static analysis, not at runtime

3. Quoted type hints - Use "dask.array.Array" instead of dask.array.Array for safety

Real Example from KINTSUGI

Before (broken):

Copyimport numpy as np
from typing import Union

# F821: Undefined name 'dask'
def denoise_dask(image: dask.array.Array) -> dask.array.Array:
    import dask.array as da
    ...

After (working):

Copyfrom __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
import numpy as np

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import dask.array

def denoise_dask(image: "dask.array.Array") -> "dask.array.Array":
    import dask.array as da
    ...

Failed Attempts (Critical)

Final Parameters

Standard Pattern

Copyfrom __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union, Optional

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import pandas as pd
    import dask.array
    import cupy as cp
    # Add any optional dependency used in type hints

# Now use quoted strings in annotations
def func(data: "pd.DataFrame") -> "pd.DataFrame":
    import pandas as pd  # Runtime import
    ...

For Type Aliases

Copyfrom __future__ import annotations
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import cupy as cp
    import numpy as np

# Type alias using quoted strings
ArrayLike = Union["np.ndarray", "cp.ndarray"]

Key Insights

• from __future__ import annotations is essential - it defers annotation evaluation
• The TYPE_CHECKING block runs during static analysis but not at runtime
• Always use quoted strings for the type hints to be safe across Python versions
• This pattern is the standard way to handle optional dependency type hints
• IDEs like VS Code/PyCharm understand TYPE_CHECKING and provide autocomplete

Files Modified in KINTSUGI

• src/kintsugi/qc/batch_qc.py - pandas types
• src/kintsugi/qc/cell_qc.py - pandas types
• src/kintsugi/qc/image_qc.py - pandas types
• src/kintsugi/denoise/filters.py - dask types
• src/kintsugi/denoise/care.py - dask types
• src/kintsugi/denoise/n2v.py - dask types
• src/kintsugi/denoise/patch_based.py - dask types
• src/kintsugi/edf.py - cupy types

References

• PEP 563 - Postponed Evaluation of Annotations: https://peps.python.org/pep-0563/
• typing.TYPE_CHECKING: https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TYPE_CHECKING
• ruff F821 rule: https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/undefined-name/