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name: Academic Bluebook description: Citation formatting rules for law review articles using The Bluebook (21st ed.) academic style version: 1.0.0

Academic Bluebook Citation Skill

Domain: Legal citation formatting Version: 1.0.0 Last Updated: 2025-12-15

Overview

This skill provides rules for formatting citations in Academic Bluebook style (law review format), as distinguished from practitioner format. Law reviews use footnotes rather than inline citations and have specific conventions for typeface, signals, and short forms.

Key Differences: Academic vs. Practitioner

Core Citation Forms

Law Review Articles (Rule 16)

Full citation:

CopyAuthor First Last, *Article Title*, Vol. J. Abbr. First Page, Pincite (Year).

Examples:

CopyJohn Smith, *The Prosecutor's Discretion*, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 15 (2020).
Jane Doe & John Roe, *Joint Authorship*, 50 Yale L.J. 100 (2021).

Short form:

CopySmith, supra note 5, at 20.

Books (Rule 15)

Full citation:

CopyAuthor First Last, Title Page (ed. Year).

Examples:

CopyRonald Dworkin, Law's Empire 45 (1986).
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice 15-20 (rev. ed. 1999).

Short form:

CopyDworkin, supra note 3, at 50.

Cases (Rule 10)

Full citation:

CopyCase Name, Vol. Reporter First Page, Pincite (Court Year).

Examples:

CopyBrown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 495 (1954).
People v. Smith, 123 N.E.2d 456, 460 (N.Y. 2020).

Short form:

CopyBrown, 347 U.S. at 490.

Statutes (Rule 12)

Examples:

Copy42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2018).
Cal. Penal Code § 187 (West 2020).

Constitutions (Rule 11)

Examples:

CopyU.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3.
U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.

Signals (Rule 1.2)

Use signals to show relationship between citation and proposition:

Order of signals: Supportive → Comparative → Contradictory → Background

Id. and Supra (Rules 4.1, 4.2)

Id.

Use when citing the immediately preceding authority:

Copy¹ Smith, supra note 5, at 20.
² Id. at 25.
³ Id.

Rules:

• Id. replaces the entire previous citation
• Add pincite if different: Id. at 30
• Cannot use after a footnote citing multiple sources
• Italicize Id.

Supra

Use for non-case authorities after full citation:

CopySmith, supra note 5, at 30.

Rules:

• Include "note X" reference to original full citation
• Never use supra for cases (repeat short form instead)
• Italicize supra

Hereinafter (Rule 4.2(b))

For long titles, establish short form:

Copy¹ Model Penal Code § 2.02 (Am. L. Inst. 1962) [hereinafter MPC].
...
¹⁵ MPC, supra note 1, § 2.03.

Parentheticals (Rule 1.5)

Add explanatory information after citation:

CopySmith v. Jones, 500 U.S. 100, 105 (2000) (holding that...).
Doe, supra note 3, at 50 (arguing that...).

Common parenthetical starters:

• (holding that...)
• (arguing that...)
• (noting that...)
• (explaining that...)
• (quoting Source)
• (citing Source)
• (emphasis added)
• (alteration in original)

String Citations (Rule 1.4)

Separate with semicolons, order by:

1. Constitutions
2. Statutes
3. Treaties
4. Cases (by court hierarchy, then reverse chronological)
5. Secondary sources (by type, then alphabetical)

CopySee U.S. Const. amend. IV; 18 U.S.C. § 2511 (2018); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967); Smith, supra note 5, at 20.

Common Journal Abbreviations

Available Workflows

• workflows/format-citation.md - Format a single citation
• workflows/check-citation-order.md - Verify string citation ordering
• workflows/generate-bibliography.md - Create bibliography from footnotes

Common Errors to Avoid

1. Using practitioner format - Remember: italics, footnotes, signals
2. Incorrect Id. usage - Only for immediately preceding single source
3. Supra for cases - Never; use short case form instead
4. Missing signals - Every citation needs appropriate signal or no signal
5. Wrong parenthetical tense - Use present participle (holding, arguing)
6. Inconsistent short forms - Establish and maintain throughout

Quick Reference Card

CopyARTICLES:    Author, *Title*, Vol. J. Abbr. Page, Pin (Year).
BOOKS:       Author, Title Page (ed. Year).
CASES:       Name, Vol. Rep. Page, Pin (Ct. Year).
STATUTES:    Title U.S.C. § Sec (Year).

SHORT FORMS:
  Id. / Id. at Pin          (same source, immediately prior)
  Author, supra note X      (articles, books - not cases)
  Name, Vol. Rep. at Pin    (cases)

SIGNALS:  [none] | See | See also | Cf. | But see | See generally

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Academic Bluebook style is the standard for legal scholarship.